The extended phenomenological spray model (EPSM): A new approach for CFD diesel fuel spray simulation under evaporative and nonevaporative conditions

A new approach for the simulation of evaporative and nonevaporative Diesel fuel sprays under steady injections is proposed and tested for several operating conditions and injector geometries. The methodology, called the extended phenomenological spray model (EPSM), which is based on the previously proposed phenomenological spray model method, shows a dramatic reduction in the typical grid sensitivity of commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes and requires a reduced set of experimental data to set up the boundary conditions. In the EPSM, the spray evolution is controlled by means of a phenomenological relation for the spray tip penetration, while the vaporization spray process is predicted by a scaling law that allows the simulation of particle evaporation and the determination of liquid phase maximum penetration. The method has been extensively validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data found in literature based on laser sheet techniques for spray tip penetration, spray cone angle, and spray shape determination