農耕者と漁労者の比較心理(3) ― 通過儀礼における霊魂観

Purpose This study of culture and personality was designed to investigate the comparative psychology of farming villagers and fishing villagers, in particular, attitudes toward life rituals: rites of birth, adolescence, marriage, critical years, and death. In their everyday life, they cherish life along the life cycles of \u27hare, \u27ke\u27 and \u27kegare\u27 through rituals. Method Research was based on reference to Japanese festivals, and to essays on death, in order to determine the typical commonalities and differences among fishery and farming people. Results were obtained by research on five points of view of life rituals. Discussion considered different and common psychological views and ideas of the soul. Results and Discussion Both communities were sensitive toward the way of handling a child\u27s birth because they basically believed that the child was just emerging from the world of life after death. Birth rites appeared to focus on fixing the unstable baby\u27s entry into a healthy human member of the villager. Farming people made a child birth\u27s visit to the shrine earlier than fishing villagers did because they regarded a baby\u27s entity less \u27kegare\u27. Children in fishing villagers organized an association which helped them to grow up socially. Farming and fishing villagers\u27 younger generation would spend time in a special house learning what life is and exchanging social communication. In the fishing village, both a man and a woman could involve in love affairs freely. Although both villages regarded women as laborer or house keeper after marriage, women in fishing villages seemed to have a little more self-identification. In bad luck disposal rites, they tried to rid themselves of bad luck during their \u27bad luck\u27 years by socializing, inviting people, by throwing away money or daily items such as a comb. Especially fishermen took a serious view of critical years in order to avoid the evil fortune of \u27kegare\u27. Fishing people historically have adapted funeral ceremonies to release unpurified soul from the dead body. For farming people, death was more unclean than that of fishing people. It required a longer period of pacifying and purifying a dead person\u27s soul of \u27kegare\u27