相馬黒光における他力道への傾斜 : 背教者の一類型

Soma Kokko and her husband, Soma Aizo were vital Protestants who became Christians in Meiji peried. Kokko was educated at Meiji Jogakko founded by Iwamoto Zenji and Aizo at Waseda. After their marriage they returned to Aizo\u27s home village, Hodaka in Shinshu. Under the influence of Aizo, many village youth became Christians. He organized Kinshu Kai-a temperance movement. This was a radical Protestant group whose purpose was to destroy all the bad habits of the traditional villagers. One of his friends, Iguchi Kigeuji, a vital and influencial educator, started Kensei Gijuku, a small private school, as a protest against the purposes and methods of the public (or national) education as well as the traditional morality, with the support of Aizo and his group. Kensei Gijuku and Hodaka Kinshu-Kai were militant educational movements. However Kokko escaped from the village to Tokyo and with her husband became the founder of the Nakamuraya bakery in Shinjuku, which became an unusual store because of their unique approach to business based upon their Protestant vocational ethics. For them, their commercial business was an educational activity. Nakamuraya at the same time became a unique center for cultural and political "outsiders" sculptors, painters, dramatists, refugee poets from Russia, Koreans, including leaders of the Independant Movement in 1919 etc., who had no means of support. They protected Rash Behari Bose, a leader of the Indian Independent Movement who was escapting from British and Japanese Police power. Through her search for a way to live as a responsible Protestant merchant participating in creative "dialogue" with both the ordinary citizens and helpless people whom she found in and around her store in Shinjuku, Kokko gradually leaned towards Oriental Religions-particularly the Judo Sect, not as an escape toward otherworldly salvation but as a spiritual foundation to support her in the midst of her lonely struggles. I would like to analyze her "ethos" in the process of transition from Protestantism to Oriental Religion as one type of apostasy in Japan. Contents 1. Preface-On definition of "Apostate" 2. Soma Kokko, as a person 3. Radical Educational Movements of Hodaka Kinshu Kai (A Tempera-ment Movement) and Kensei Gijuku School based upon New Protestant Ethos under the Influence of Soma Aizo and Iguchi Kigenji. -Kokko\u27s frustration and escape from the traditional village life- 4. Activities of Personality Development in and around Nakamuraya Bakery in Shinjuku. -Seeking for a New "Ethos" as a New Merchant Way- 5. Uniting Cultural and Political "Outsiders" -Artists, Foreign Refugees, Leaders of Asian Independent Movements, etc.- at Nakamuraya as a unique cultural center in the community life of the city. 6. Leaning toward Oriental Religions particularly the Jodo Sect in Kokko\u27s "ethos" as an example of one type of Apostate in Japan