Figure S3. (Lower panels) Evolution of the cactiform growth form mapped on the trimmed maximum clade credibility tree optimized in climate space, and (upper panels) predicted probability of the cactiform growth form, as a function of the same climate gradient.

Figure S3. (Lower panels) Evolution of the cactiform growth form mapped on the trimmed maximum clade credibility tree optimized in climate space, and (upper panels) predicted probability of the cactiform growth form, as a function of the same climate gradient. a) Lower panel: stochastic character mapping of the cactiform growth form on the phylogeny optimized with respect to mean annual temperature (MAT). Upper panel: predicted probability of the cactiform growth form, as a function of MAT. b) As in a, but the x-axis is mean annual precipitation (MAP). The upper panel shows the predictions from three models: MAP as a linear term only, MAP as linear and quadratic terms, and the latter model after removing two outliers, E. lophogona and E. boissieri. c) Stochastic character mapping of the cactiform growth form on the same tree. This character reconstruction matches panel b, whereas an alternative possible history of the evolution of the cactiform growth form is shown in panel a