A comparison of Swedenborg\u27s and Sutherland\u27s descriptions of brain, dural membrane and cranial bone motion

Two hundred years before Sutherland\u27s introduction of the cranial concept, Emanuel Swedenborg described a sophisticated and unique model of brain and body function, which contained some ideas similar to those found in Sutherland\u27s cranial concept. This paper will review a portion of Swedenborg\u27s paradigm of the brain and central nervous system as described in his scientific works, particularly The Brain . It will focus on Swedenborg\u27s description of inherent motion of the brain, the reciprocal motion of the dura mater, and cranial bone motion. These concepts will be compared and contrasted to the areas of William Garner Sutherland\u27s cranial concept that deal with brain motion, dural motion and cranial bone motion. Historical connections between Sutherland and Swedenborg\u27s ideas will also be explored