New coin finds from Failaka

                                 NEW COIN FINDS FROM FAILAKA In KUML 1960, pp. 199-207, I published a description of the first coin hoard from the Danish excavations on Failaka, the ancient Ikaros. The find had been made earlier that year and been sent at once to Denmark, where the lump of coins was separated and the individual coins were cleaned and conserved. A new find of the same type was made at the excavations already in 1961, but this time the fused lump of coins was neglected for many years. At last, in the beginning of 1978, the personal and financial aid of P.V. Glob, Director of State Antiquities, made it possible to send a conservator, Claus Gottlieb from the Department of Conservation of Earth Finds at the National Museum, to Kuwait. Here Claus Gottlieb treated both the hoard and the stray finds, mostly of bronze, which had appeared at various excavation sites. Besides cleaning and conserving the coins, Claus Gottlieb also photographed them before and after treatment, noted their weights and the placement of the dies, and made a series of moulds in which plaster casts were later taken of all the coins. This material forms the basis of the present article. THE HOARD FROM 1961 After separation, the lump of coins from 1961 was found to consist of 16 silver coins, 10 tetradrachms (4-drachm pieces) and 6 drachms (fig. 1-2), described as follows: Susa, Seleucus II, 246-226 B. C. Obverse: Head of Herakles clad in lion skin, facing right, circle of dots. Reverse: Zeus, facing left, seated on his throne with back-rest and stool. In his outstret­ched right hand he holds an eagle, while with his left hand he grasps a long sceptre; BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣEΛEYKOY; monogram 1 on the left, monogram 2 on the right (fig. 3). Tetradrachm. 15.20 grams. See ESM 366 j (same observe die). Susa, Antiochus III, 223-187 B. C. Obverse: Head of Antiochus III with diadem facing right, circle of dots. Reverse: Apollo seated on the omphalos, facing left, holding an arrow in his right hand and a bow in his left hand; BAΣIΛEΩΣ ANTIOXOY monogram 3 on the left, monogram 4 on the right (fig. 3). Tetradrachms. 14.90 grams. 15.27 grams. Same obverse die as nr. 2. 14.67 grams. Monograms illegible. Gerrha?, ca. 220-210 B. C. Obverse: Head of Herakles wearing lion skin, facing right. Reverse: Seated »Zeus« facing left, holding eagle and sceptre as on nr. 1. AΛEΞANΔΠOY (slightly barbarized); on the left monogram 5 (fig. 3, Arabic letter shin), circle of dots. Tetradrachms. 14.09 grams. Same obverse die as Kuml 1960, p. 202, nrs. 2-9. 14.51 grams. Same obverse die as Kuml 1960, p. 202, nr. 11. 15.20 grams. Same obverse die as nr. 6. 14.70 grams. Same obverse die as nrs. 6-7. Abyatha, ca. 210 B. C. Obverse: Head of Herrakles wearing lion skin, facing right. Reverse: Seated »Zeus« facing left, holding flower (?) in his right hand, while his left hand grasps a long sceptre; Arabic inscription, fig. 3. nr. 6: ả b y th  (HERTIL find sidste special a!)= Abyatha; monogram 7 on the left (fig. 3; Arabic letter aleph). 13. 75 grams 15.40 grams. Same dies as nr. 9 3.65 grams. 3.45 grams. 3.50 grams. 2.85 grams. Same obverse die as nr. 13. 3.67 grams. 3.05 grams. The four Seleucid coins of significance in da ting the find all stem from the Seleucid mint at Susa. Nr. I belongs to a type which was struck unchanged from the time of Seleucus I (305-281 B.C.) and down through the reign ofSeleucus II (246-226 B.C.), that is, with the royal name Seleucus also during the reigns of Antiochus I (281-261 B.C.) and Antiochus II (261-246 B.C.). But the two monograms show that our example of this type immobilisie can be assigned to the reign of Seleucus II, just before he introduced his own coin types in Susa. This apparently occured toward the end of his reign, as the new types are extremely rare. The three coins from Antiochus III (nrs. 2-4) must all be assigned to the Susa mint, even though they are not included in the major work by the American E. T. Newell on the Seleucid mintings from the eastern provinces of the empire, Eastem Seleucid Minis from 1939. Just as the one coin from the 1960 find, these three coins were struck in the beginning of the long reign of Antiochus III, the period from 223 to about 212 B. C., and they are the_ latest of the datable coins in the hoard. To judge by their relatively good condition, the hoard must have been deposited only a few years later. A reasonable dating would therefore be about 210-200 B. C., and just like the 1960 hoard, the new find can with some probability be related to Antiochus III's Arabian campaign in 204 B. C. It ought to be remarked that the rather worn appearance of coin 4 is not due to usage but rather to careless treatment before the actual conservation. The Seleucid coins were struck according to the Attic weight system, in which a tetra­drachm weighed about 17.20 grams. The far lower weight of our four coins may most likely be attributed to the poor conditions of preservation in the soil of Failaka which greatly corroded the pieces. This observation must be taken into account in estimating the weight of the oriental Alexander-imitations, which originally must have been quite close to the Attic weight. The four coins nrs. 5-8 belong to an issue which I discussed in detail in 1960. The first find from Failaka contained 12 coins of this type. At that time I ventured the theory that these coins had been struck in the important Arabian trading city Gerrha on the east coast of Arabia, slightly north of Bahrain, and this assumption may be said to have been confirmed by the find of a larger coin hoard in 1970, containing earlier types of the same minting on Bahrain itself (!). I therefore believe that it is entirely reasonable to attribute these coins to Gerrha. It is always gratifying to see one's hypotheses confirmed or suppor­ted by later linds. Furthermore, the find from Bahrain has made it clear that the W-like symbol on the left is the southern Arabian letter shin (sh) and that this initial stands for the sun god Shamas or Shams, whose name has been fully spelled out on a few of the coins in the Bahrain find. The Greek Zeus of the Alexander coins has thus been reinterpreted as the Arabian Shamas. This probably holds true for both of the present coin types. In accordance with this, the figure in both cases has been portrayed beardless, while the Greek Zeus is always bearded. The other coins in the find, the tetradrachms and the drachms nrs. 9-16, belong to a group of Alexander-imitations which, due to the southern Arabian inscription, were ear­lier ascribed to the kingdom of the Minyans in southern Arabia, some hundred kilometres north of the Aden region. The five symbols can be transcribed d by th a, which stands for the name Abyatha, the ruler or king who struck these coins. In my article from 1960, I mentioned a single find of a drachm of this type from Failaka which, judging by its style, I dated to about 150 B. C. Meanwhile, a couple ofnew finds, including Failaka 1961, have proved this dating to be incorrect. The coins of Abyatha belong to the end of the third century B. C. The finding conditions clearly show that they must be approximately contemporary with the Gerrha coins nrs. 5-8 and, as was the case with these, single specimens made their way westward along the trade routes and finally turn up in a couple offinds in Asia Minor from the period around 200-190 B. C. (2). While the dating of Abyatha has been approximately determined, his localisation pre­sents a more difficult problem. His coins show certain points of similarity with other oriental Alexander-imitations with the royal names Harithat and Abiel. The coins of the latter comprised part of the large coin find from Bahrain, earlier described in Kuml 1972. The coins of Harithat expressly designate him as the ruler in h g r or Hagar. Unfortunately, this place-name appears in several different parts of the Arabian peninsu­la. Modem scholars have indicated two possibilities: Hagar may either be situated in northern Arabia near Dumaitha or Dumat, about halfway on the caravan road from the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to Petra in the land of the Nabataeans; or it can be localised to the east coast of Arabia in the al-Hasa district between the oases Thaj and Hufhuf (3). The island Bahrain may possibly have belonged to the kingdom Hagar. No real choice between these two possibilites can be made on the basis ofthis material. Due to the strongly oriental character of the coins, I would tend to localise them quite far from the Greek area, and I still believe that the most likely place of origin is eastern Arabia. It should also be pointed out that while the mintings of Harithat and Abiel undoubtedly belong together and can therefore both be attributed to Hagar, the coins of Abyatha vary with regard to certain typological aspects. The head of Herakles on the obverse is drawn differently and »Zeus« on the reverse holds a flower instead of a horse rhyton as is the case with Harithat and Abiel. It is therefore possible that the coins of Abyatha originate not in Hagar but in some third kingdom, which however must be assumed to lie in the immediate vicinity of Hagar. SINGLE FINDS OF COINS In all, 3 silver coins and 22 bronze coins have been found spread throughout the excava­tion area. A detailed publication of this material with indication of its stratigraphical significance will appear in the final excavation report. Here I will only discuss the material in general in the light of its significance for the understanding of the function of Ikaros in the Hellenistic period. The 3 silver coins include one tetradrachm (fig. 4-1) corresponding to the 12 coins from the 1960 find and to nrs. 5-8 above in the find from I 96 I. Furthermore, there is one drachm from Abyatha corresponding to nrs. 11-1.6 above together with a half-drachm (weight 1.59 grams) of the same type. The drachm was published already in my article from 1960, while the half-drachm is pictured here in fig. 4-2. lts obverse type bears the closest stylistic resemblence to the drachms nrs. 15-16 from the hoard. The 22 bronze coins show the foliowing distribution among mints and reigns: Bronze coins from Failaka àindsæt skema pdf side 19 As shown by the table, only 3 coins can be attributed with certainty to the period before the accession of Antiochus III in 223 B. C. The oldest of these coins (fig. 4-3) bears the name of Alexander the Great and is from his common bronze minting with a head of Herakles on the obverse and the weapons of the hero on the reverse: a bow in a case and a club. Coins of this type were struck by many mints in the empire of Alexander, even in the years foliowing his death. As this rather worn coin lacks a monogram or other marks of identification, its place of min ting cannot be determined. The coins must have been struck between 336 and about 300 B. C., but of course it may have come to Failaka at a much later date. The great majority of bronze coins, 15 out of the 19 pieces identified, stem from the Seleucid rulers Antiochus III, Seleucus IV, and Antiochus IV, that is, from the period between 223 and 164 B. C. It is worth noting that the far more numerous coin finds from Susa also show a conventration in this period, a faet which has been explained as the result of intensified trade between Babylonia and the regions near the Persian Gulf ( 4). Seleucia on the Tigris predomiriates among the Seleucid mints, as is the case at Susa in the same period. Written sources inform us that Antiochus III and IV displayed particular interest in the eastern provinces. Antiochus III launched a major campaign which brought him to the horders of India in the years 212-204 B. C. In faet, his eastern stay ended with the expedition to Gerrha in 204 B. C. which is usually explained in terms of trade policy. In 187 B. C., Antiochus III was again in the East, where he <lied in Elymais. Antiochus IV also made a major campaign eastward in 165-164 B. C. Like his father, he <lied in these distant regions, far from the capital Antiochia in Syria (5). At the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by the Persian Gulf lay another Antiochia, originally founded by Alexander the Great but re-built and re-named by either Antiochus III or Antiochus IV. During the reign of Antiochus IV, the town functioned as a mint, where silver coins, tetradrachms and drachms, were struck. The activity of this place can be traced down to the beginning ofthe reign ofDemetrius II 145-140 B.C. (6). Among the single finds of bronze coins from Failaka, four pieces of two different nominals have been found which were struck by Antiochus III and perhaps can be assigned to this mint. Their description is as follows: Obverse: Portrait of Antiochus III facing right with diadem. Obverse: Bearded head (Zeus?) facing left. Reverse: Standing Apollo facing left, right hand outstretched, leaning with his left arm against a pillar; BIAEQL ANTIOXOY; monogram 8 is on the left, an indecipherable monogram is on the right. specimen, irregular die position (fig. 4-8). Monogram 8 from coin 2 is also found on one of the coins of type I, which indicates that we are in faet dealing with two contemporary nominals from one and the same issue. The irregular die position excludes Seleucia on the Tigris as the mint. However, the coins may well originate in Susa, where coins were struck with irregular die position until down into Parthian times (7). Meanwhile, these coin types are not at all present at the very exhaustive excavations in Susa which have turned up thousands of Hellenistic coins. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the coins are unusually well-preserved and can hardly have been in circulation for a long time. It is therefore logical to assume that they were struck near the finding place, and it is not impossible that, during his stay at the place, Antiochus III established a mint in Antiochia on the Persian Gulf which produced these coins in the period after 204 B. C. The excellent royal portrait on the obverse of type I is a portrait of a man in his prime belonging to the last half of his reign, that is, certainly after 204 B. C. The picture of the ship on the reverse does not solve the problem of localisation as ship pictures are known both from Susa during the reign of Antiochus IV and from Antiochia during the reign of King Apodakos of Charakene (from about 110 B. C.) (8). Meanwhile, it is tempting to explain the type, the goddess of victory in the prow of a warship, as a reference to the naval campaign which Antiochus launched against Gerrha and which resulted in both booty and victory. And for such a naval campaign, Antiochia on the Persian Gulf was without doubt a better starting point than Susa. Even the island Ikaros may very well have served as an advanced base for a naval harbour in Antiochia on the Persian Gulf. However the case may be, it is indisputable that the most recent coin in the finds originates from this mint. During the dissolution of the Seleucid Empire around 140 Il.C., when the Parthians occupied all the eastern provinces of the empire, the former Seleucid governor Hyspaosines established an independent kingdom in the region around the mouth of the great rivers. He chose Antiochia as his capital and re-named it Charax, after which his little kingdom was called Charakene. Hyspaosines probably declared his inde­pendence as early as ca. 140 B. C. He played a more important role in the beginning of the 120's when for a short period he succeeded in enlarging his kingdom to encompass all of Babylonia and possibly other areas as well. His dated coins, of which a tetradrachm is shown in fig. 4-10, all date from the years 125-124 to 122-121 B. C. In the last year he was forced to retreat by the Parthian king, Mithradates II, who occupied Charax itself and minted coins there. It is possible that Hyspaosines was allowed to continue as Parthian subject king, for his successor in Charakene is first known from 110-109 B. C. (9). The single coin of Hyspaosines from Ikaros-Failaka may be described as follows: Obverse: Portrait af bearded Hyspaosines facing left (with diadem?). Reverse: Athena standing, facing forward, with shield and lance; [B* IA[EQL* [Y*­ LTIAOLIN[OY*; on the left between inscription and type monogram 9. I specimen, irregular die position (fig. 4-9). Two coins of the same type have been found in Susa and two in Dura-Europus by the middle course of the Euphrates River (10). Their dating within the period 140-1 IO B.C. has been disputed. Some scholars have assigned the coins to about 140 B.C. ( 11) while others ascribe them to the last years of the reign of Hyspaosines, the decade I 20-11 O B.C. (12). In my judgement, it is impossible to place these coins precisely within the 30-year reign of Hyspaosines. Thus the year 140 B.C. would be the definite terminus post for economic activity on Ikaros in the Hellenistic period insofar as it is reflected in the coin finds. But the activity may well have lasted up to 30 years longer. The map in fig. 5 shows the most important trade routes from the area sound the Persian Gulf westwards to the Mediterranean. The importance of the area depended upon the transit trade of goods from India. The Egyptian kings, the independent Nabataeans in Petra and the Seleucid kings in Syria competed avidly to secure the profitable trade. The finds from Failaka (and Bahrain) are evidence that the Seleucids made a particular effort to secure trade in the years around 205-160 B. C. and were probably quite well placed in the competition thanks to the connection to Gerrha. The political situation was altered with the Parthian conquest of the eastern provinces of the Seleucid empire around 140 B. C. However, a factor of even greater significance for trade connections was that around the end of the 2nd century B. C., Egyptian sailors learned to take advantage of the monsoon winds to establish a direct route from the coast of Africa, near what is today Eritrea and Somalia, to the mouth of the Indus River (13). As a consequence, Alexandria defeated Antiochia, and during the Roman imperial period, the majority of oriental luxury articles came to Europe via Alexandria. The importance of the Persian Gulf decreased accordingly and the need for a Hellenistic base for maritime trade at Failaka disappeared. Otto Mørkhol