Efficiency of preventive training programs for reduction of ankle injury incidence in basketball - literature review

Uvod: Košarka je globalen šport, ki ga je po podatkih FIBA v letu 2007 igralo preko 450 milijonov ljudi. Košarkarji v karieri pogosto utrpijo poškodbo gležnja, ki je v številnih primerih posledica pristanka na nogo nasprotnika ali nenadne spremembe smeri. Med glavne dejavnike tveganja spadajo igranje v raketi, igranje na poziciji centra in predhodne poškodbe gležnja. Pri zmanjševanju števila poškodb gležnja so učinkoviti različni pripomočki za zunanjo stabilizacijo sklepa, vendar varnost njihove uporabe še ni povsem raziskana in so ob neustrezni namestitvi neudobni za uporabo, dražijo kožo in so relativno dragi. Alternativa pripomočkom so preventivni vadbeni programi. Preventivna vadba vključuje nevromuskularno vadbo, proprioceptivno vadbo in vadbo stabilnosti, skupno vsem pa je izboljšanje nadzora in stabilnosti sklepa. Namen: Ugotoviti želimo, kako učinkoviti so preventivni vadbeni programi pri zmanjševanju pojavnosti poškodb gležnja, in podati priporočila za njihovo vključitev v vadbene programe košarkarskih ekip. Metode: Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, ScienceDirect in Cohrane library. Vključili smo raziskave, izdane med letoma 2003 in 2018 v angleškem ali slovenskem jeziku, ki so obravnavale igralce ali igralke košarke ter so kot intervencijo uporabile preventivni program z namenom zmanjšanja poškodb gležnja. Izključili smo raziskave, ki so uporabile metodo preventive brez vadbenega programa in so obravnavale katerikoli drug šport. Če članek ni obravnaval izključno igralcev košarke, je bilo treba o njihovih rezultatih poročati ločeno. Rezultati: Na podlagi vključitvenih in izključitvenih meril smo v podroben pregled vključili 6 raziskav. Vključene raziskave so preučevale različne vadbene programe in vzorce košarkarjev. Le dve raziskavi, izvedeni na vzorcu športnikov, starejših od 14 let, sta potrdili pomembno zmanjšanje pojavnosti poškodb gležnja. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da preventivni vadbeni programi učinkovito zmanjšujejo pojavnost poškodb gležnja pri odraslih košarkarjih, verjetno z izboljšanjem ravnotežja. Zaradi velike nehomogenosti raziskav je bila primerjava zahtevna, rezultate pa smo lahko posplošili le na igralce starejše od 14 let. Za ugotovitev učinka pri košarkarjih mlajših od 14 let so potrebne dodatne raziskave.Introduction: Basketball is a global sport. If we consider FIBA\u27s data, more than 450 million people in 2007 played this sport. Basketball players often suffer from ankle injuries during their careers, which is usually a consequence of landing on the opponent’s foot or a sudden change of direction. The most important risk factors are: playing in the paint, playing as a centre and former ankle injuries. External ankle stabilizators are effective in reducing ankle injuries, but safety of their usage needs further research. They are uncomfortable to wear if they are put on incorrectly, they can irritate the skin and can be relatively expensive. An alternative can be found in preventive training programs. Preventive training includes neuromuscular exercises, proprioceptive exercises and balance exercises. What they have in common is improvement in ankle control and in stabilisation. Purpose: We want to find out how effective preventive training programs are in reduction of ankle injury incidence and how to implement them in everyday basketball practice. Methods: Databases PubMed, ScienceDirect and Cohrane library were included in our literature review. Articles published between 2003 and 2018, in English or Slovene, that covered prevention programs which intended to decrease ankle injury incidence were included. We excluded studies that did not include training programs and that were connected to other sports. If a study included multiple different sport categories including basketball, the results regarding basketball players had to be published separately. Results: In accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6 researches were included in further analysis. They examined different exercise programs and samples of basketball players. Only two studies conducted on basketball players over the age of 14 confirmed an important reduction of ankle injuries. Discussion and conclusion: We found out that preventive exercise programs effectively reduce the incidence of ankle injuries in adult basketball players, probably by improving balance. Because of the inhomogeneity of the studies, the comparison was difficult and a generalisation of results was possible only for basketball players over the age of 14. To determine the effect on players under the age of 14, further researches are necessary