Functional diversity of Collembola is reduced in soils subjected to short-term, but not long-term, geothermal warming

1. Human activities have caused global changes of atmospheric chemistry resulting in increased temperature especially in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere. Since warming of the environment can have drastic effects on terrestrial ecosys-tems it is important to experimentally evaluate the extent of such effects in long-term field-based experiments. In this study we make use of both recent (short-term) and long-term geothermal warming of Icelandic soils to examine the responses of Collembola, an ecologically important group of soil invertebrates, to warming. 2. On the basis of metabolic scaling theory, we hypothesized that species of small size would be more successful in warmed soils than species of larger size. Further we expected that top-soil-dwelling species would benefit more from warming than deep-soil-dwelling species. In order to test these hypotheses we sampled Collembola along replicated gradients of increasing temperature in areas that had been heated for about 6 years and more than 50 years respectively. Collembola were identified to species level, counted and the community-weighted mean trait scores for six functional and ecological traits were calculated. 3. Results show that both short-term and long-term soil warming caused a shift to-wards a higher relative abundance of species with small body size. Furthermore, abundance of top-soil-dwelling Collembola tended to increase after short-term warming, but the opposite was observed after long-term warming.4. Using trait-based diversity indices (FRic and RaoQ), we show that functional rich-ness and diversity of Collembola communities was significantly reduced (almost halved) as a result of short-term soil warming to about 10°C above normal, but this effect was not detected in plots equally warmed for more than 50 years. This in-dicates that the functional diversity of Collembola communities have high resil-ience towards soil warming in a long-term perspective.The authors are indebted to E. Jørgensen and Z. Gavor for their excellent technical assistance in Collembola extraction and identi-fication. Four anonymous reviewers are thanked for relevant and constructive comments to earlier drafts of the manuscript. M.H. was supported by a grant from the Danish Research Council (Grant no. DFF- 4002- 00384) and a Skou senior fellowship at AIAS. N.L. was supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders with a FWO as-pirant grant (Grant no. 11G1615N) and B.D.S. by Icelandic Research Council (Grant no. 163272-051). This work contributes also to the SNS funded Nordic CAR-ES III project and the ClimMani COST Action (ES1308).Pre-prin