This PhD thesis deals with Immanuel Kant's and Ernst Cassirer's philosophies of science, and their application to the history of physics, from Newtonian mechanics to quantum theory.The first part of the thesis (chapters 1 to 3) analyzes Kant's epistemology from the methodological point of view, and proposes graphical representations of its core notions according to Kant's trichotomic conception (matter, form, matter and form). The second part (chapters 4 to 6) studies the way Cassirer actualizes Kant's “transcendental method” and applies it to quantum mechanics. After an introduction showing the difficulty to apprehend Cassirer's encyclopedic work, the 1st chapter recalls the core notions of Kant's conception of knowledge, and discusses the...