Forced convection of nanofluids in an extended surfaces channel using lattice Boltzmann method

Research on nanofluids for heat transfer augmentation has received a great attention from many researchers. Recently, many numerical works have been conducted to examine their applicability in predicting heat transfer with nanofluids. In the present study, a two-dimensional (2D) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was applied for numerical simulation of forced convection in a channel with extended surface using three different nanofluids. The predicted were carried out for the laminar nanofluid flow at low Reynolds number (10 ? Re ? 70), nanofluid concentration (0.00 ? f ? 0.050), different geometric parameter (0.2 ? A = l/H ? 0.8) and relative height of the extended surfaces (0.05 ? B = h/H ? 0.35). The results indicated that the average Nusselt number increases when the nanofluid concentration increased from 0% to 5%. Moreover, the effect of the nanofluid concentration on the increasing of heat transfer is more noticeable at higher values of the Reynolds number. It is concluded that the use of extended surfaces can enhance the rate of heat transfer for certain arrangements. We also found that the nanofluid with CuO nanoparticles performed better enhancement on heat transfer compared Al 2 O 3 /water and TiO 2 /water nanofluids