Country-Level Gender Equality and Adolescents' Contraceptive Use in Europe, Canada and Israel:Findings from 33 Countries

Although an association between gender equality and contraceptive use has been confirmed among adult samples, few studies have explored this relationship among adolescents. An examination of whether adolescents' contraceptive use is more prevalent in countries with higher levels of gender equality is needed to fill this gap.Nationally representative data from 33 countries that participated in the 2013-2014 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study and country-level measures of gender equality-using the 2014 Global Gender Gap Index-were analyzed. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression analyses were employed to assess associations between gender equality and contraceptive use (condom only, pill only and dual methods) at last intercourse as reported by 4,071 females and 4,110 males aged 14-16.Increasing gender equality was positively associated with contraceptive use among both males and females. For every 0.1-point increase on the equality scale, the likelihood of condom use at last intercourse rose (odds ratio, 2.1 for females), as did the likelihood of pill use (6.5 and 9.6, respectively, for males and females) and dual method use (2.1 and 5.6, respectively). Associations with pill use and dual use remained significant after national wealth and income inequality were controlled for. Overall, associations were stronger for females than for males.More research is needed to identify potential causal pathways and mechanisms through which gender equality and adolescents' contraceptive use may influence one another.? 2019 The Authors. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health published by on behalf of Guttmacher Institute