普遍主義的シティズンシップ論批判の展開 : ジェンダー論の視点から

In recent decades, citizenship has attracted multidisciplinary attention and analysis in many fields of scholarship. Among others, second-wave feminism has criticized traditional conceptions of citizenship, based on the public/private dichotomy in liberalism. Here, I consider the recent emphasis on civil society or family life as a terrain of democratic empowerment and begin exploring the implications of this emphasis for rethinking citizenship in the 21st century. In many states, women do not yet have a citizenship status equal to that of their male counterparts. In any given state, still today, women and men are likely to differ in the political rights and privileges of citizenship that affect them, and differ in ways that are linked systematically to gender categories as well as categories such as race and class. However, issues of women and citizenship are not merely about the deprivation of political rights to women. Also important is the gendered nature of the practices and contexts of political citizenship itself. The public and political realms in which citizenship is paradigmatically conceptualized and practiced are realms based mainly on modes of living as well as attributes that are stereotypically male provide options for women\u27s political agency that may circumvent the restrictions of the political sphere, for example, agency based on women\u27s traditional roles as nurturers. If citizenship is about full membership in one\u27s community (Marshall 1950), then these additional realms of culture and society are necessary contexts and conditions for its practice. Gender and citizenship thus intersect and engage each other in a variety of ways, often through the mediation of other social institutions