価値志向の形成I

It is said that modern psychology is a "science of behaviour" and it is reasonable that the psychology requires a set of such dynamic concepts as those of need, motive, drive, impulse, and so forth. The concept of "need" is one of the most fundamental categories in modern psychology. There is no doubt about the fact that the concept of need is sine qua non, but my assumption is that the concept of need does not suffice for the understanding of behaviour, especially, in such a field as the personality development. This paper aims at appraising the problematic points about the concept of "primary need." In modern psychology, primary needs are generally considered as something universal and innate, whereas social motives only "derivative." Various social behaviours - and consequently various social values - are, therefore, ultimately explained from the viewpoint of simple hedonism, such as in Freudism. I want to raise three questions: (1) In modern psychology, primary needs only imply hunger, thirst, sex, and so forth, which are essentially biological. One could doubt, however, if these needs (hunger, thirst and sex) are really primary. Actually they are observed in human life only as something individualized and, or, socialized. Then they can be considered as "derived." ( 2 ) In modern psychology, all human needs are, in their last analysis, biological. Some human needs, however, appear non-biological, e. g. "the need for identity" as Fromm has advocated. It may be doubted if those non-biological needs could be analyzed and reduced to biological needs. They may remain non-biological and primary. (3) Generally, it is assumed that all biological needs are gifted with ability to find their own proper objects without learning. This is a point which requires more thoroughgoing examination. The result of my investigation, which was to examine above-described three issues, points to a new category "value" as primary one which cannot be excluded in considering human psychology. This paper is my first report to trace theformation processes of early disposition of value consciousness