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SERVING THE CAUSE was immediately evident again. As a result, comprehensives were under almost constant review and alteration. A fourth curricular development was the introduction of bachelor of science programs in health and physical education (1954) and in music education (1955). Reporting to the board in June 1953, while these programs were being developed, President Langsam explained that they were limited to fields "in which the special needs of certain professionally minded members of our constituency conflict with the full liberal-arts character of the traditional A.B. degree." The 1954 Middle States report recommended that the faculty "consider the possibility of a B.S. degree" in certain fields. The faculty closed entry into the science program in health and physical education beginning in June 1962. That in music education remained in 1985.15° Fifth, in 1952 the College began entering into cooperative professional and similar programs, in which the student usually spent three years at Gettysburg and one or two years at the other institution, during the course of which a bachelor's and a master's degree could be earned. The number of students participating in these programs was never large, but they offered advantages to those who wished to study in a liberal-arts college and a professional school.151 Sixth, the College began devising ways for its students to engage in approved off-campus study. The first of these, in 1957, with American University, made it possible for Gettysburg students to participate in the Washington Semester. The opportunity to spend an approved junior year abroad was first listed in the 1959 catalogue. By the mid-1960s students were informed that "arrangements can be made with one of the many regularly organized programs of study in Europe, Latin America, or elsewhere." In the early 1980s there were several off-campus programs, in which about twenty-five students participated each year.152 The Middle States team which visited the College in March 1954 150Another reason for the B.S. in health and physical education was to permit a student to seek both teacher certification and complete the R.O.T.C. program, in the wake of the Korean War. 151 Agreements were made with the School of Forestry of Duke University (1952), the School of Engineering of Pennsylvania State University (1952), the Lutheran Deaconess Motherhouse School in Baltimore (1953), and the School of Engineering of New York University (1962). The cooperative engineering programs were dropped in 1964, but several new ones were authorized in 1973. 152During the Langsam administration the faculty considered reintroducing master's work during the summer session. In March 1954 it actually approved in principle the graduate program which the curriculum and policy committee proposed. The Middle States team was critical of the plan, pointing to the lack of adequate resources and of clearly defined purposes, and it was soon dropped. Several later studies led to the conclusion that the College should confine its attention to undergraduate work. 87