Avrupa inovasyon göstergeleri (EIS) ışığında Türkiye'nin konumu

It is a generally accepted fact to experience a cultural change process from using technology to research and development (R&D), and from R&D to innovation and producing technology in our globalising world in which competition conditions get difficult day by day. It is accepted that investments in knowledge such as innovative work approaches, R&D and education play a key role in economic growth. Skills in innovation and R&D have a direct relationship with the country's education, number of scientists, wide-band communication facilities, clustered small and medium sized enterprises, universities, research institutions, government subsidies and incentives, procurement authorities, resources allocated to R&D and procurement policies. This study aims at understanding the needs, putting forward where Turkey stands on an innovation scale in order to define appropriate strategies ans according to indicators which areas should be focused with priority in order for Turkey to reach the level of developed countries. For this purpose, the innovation indicators found in the European Innovation Scoreboard have been used. The indicators also include the innovation performances of Turkey, Croatia, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Israel, Canada, Australia, USA and Japan besides the EU Member Countries. In the study, 12 out of 25 indicators found in the Innovation Scoreboard where Turkey?s data included have been used. These indicators are S&E graduates, Tertiary education, Broadband penetration rate, Public R&D expenditures, Business R&D expenditures, ICT expenditures, High-tech exports, EPO patents, USPTO patents, Triad patents, Community trademarks, Community designs. In this study, multivariate statistical methods have been applied to the EIS indicators. According to the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Turkey has defined to take place in the same cluster with Poland, Slovakia, Latvia, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal and Malta. To test the validity of the HCA results, discriminant analysis has been applied and statistical values indicating a valid discrimination have been obtained. According to multidimensional scaling (MDS); it has been seen that USA, Japan, Switzerland, Israel, Sweden, Germany and Finland are innovation leaders; whereas Luxembourg's position is quite different when compared the other countries. It has come into view that Netherlands, Denmark, France, United Kingdom, Norway and Austria are among the innovation followers regarding their noteworthy progress in innovation indicators. The innovation performances of these countries are below those of the innovation leaders but over the EU average. It has also come into view that Spain, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania and Czech Republic are moderate innovators which perform below the EU average, and Hungary, Portugal, Slovakia, Malta and Latvia are catching-up countries which perform well below the EU average. It has been observed that Turkey performed weakly regarding the innovation indicators when compared to those of EU, USA, Japan and Israel. Similar results have been observed when compared with the SII indicators in the Inno Metrics Report. Moreover, in the study MDS has been used to identify the most important areas according to the innovation indicators. The innovation indicators such as number of patents in EPO, USPTO and TRIADIC, private R&D expenditures, wide-band penetration rates have similar effects in the graphical exhibit. However, the number of scientists and engineers, the number of university graduates, and public R&D expenditures are an important factor in discriminating countries in the 1st dimension. The educated-people factor has also been identified to be an important variable in both dimensions. Consequently, the inventions of a country?s industry as a result of R&D efforts and transformation of the inventions into commercial products; i.e. transformation into innovation, and by this way reaching a level of high competitive level provide a welfare by manufacturing high value added products and services and as a result more resource allocation to R&D. In this manner, the country enters into a welfare cycle, gets developed and gains strength. For this purpose, the following are suggested: the periodical assessment on a 5, 10, 15, 20-year basis for development and competitiveness perspectives by the industry; heading towards specific activities by determining the innovation and R&D strategies; increasing the educated manpower; including patent, especially international patent procurements into their line of business; making breakthroughs in science and technology; carrying out necessary investments and regulations in the mean time to move to wide band in communication infrastructure; and provision of communication and coordination at the highest level among all the units in the innovation management system. Keywords: Innovation, scoreboard, multidimensional scaling analysis, cluster, analysis, discriminant analysis.Bu çalışmada; Türkiye’nin gelişmiş ülkeler seviyesine ulaşabilmesinde, ihtiyaçların anlaşılması ve uygun stratejilerin belirlenmesi için inovasyonda nerede bulunduğunun ortaya konulması ve inovasyon göstergelerine göre öncelikli olarak hangi alanlara odaklanması gerektiğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu maksatla; Avrupa inovasyon göstergelerine çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Türkiye’nin, inovasyon göstergelerinde, Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Analizine (HKA) göre; Polonya, Slovakya, Letonya, Yunanistan, Litvanya, Macaristan, Estonya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Slovenya, İspanya, Portekiz ve Malta ile aynı kümelemede yer aldığı görülmüştür. Yapılan Kümeleme Analizi (KA) sonuçlarının doğruluğunu test etmek amacıyla Ayırma Analizi (AA) uygulanmış ve geçerli bir ayırım yapıldığına işaret eden istatistiksel değerler elde edilmiştir. Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme Analizi (ÇBÖA) sonucunda ise, Türkiye’nin AB ülkeleri, ABD, Japonya ve İsrail içinde inovasyon göstergeleri bakımından düşük ülke özelliği gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, birbirine benzer veya farklı ülkeleri ayırmada önemli etken olan inovasyon göstergeleri içinde en etkili değişkenlerin; bilim insanı ve mühendis sayısı, yüksek öğrenim görmüş kişilerin sayısı, kamu Ar-Ge harcamaları, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri harcamaları ve ileri teknoloji ürünleri ihracatı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İnovasyon, İnovasyon Karnesi (Skorbord), Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme Analizi, Kümeleme Analizi, Ayırma Analizi