Hitit Medeniyeti müzik kültürünün analizinde arkeolojik verilerin rolü

The archeological sources belonging to the Hittite civilization and the surrounding civilizations and cultures, give important data in analyzing the Hittite music culture. These archeological data belonging to the different periods can be grouped under two main capitals as written and visual. It can be seen that, the Hittite texts that described the ceremonies, give important information about Hittite music culture. From the transcriptions of these texts, we can have information about cult activities, death rituals, and other kind of ceremonies. These texts also indicate the important role of the instruments, musicians (vocal and instrumental performers), music groups and dance. And also the many types of songs (especially religious based ones) are emphasized in these texts. It was seen that especially some performers had played important roles in indicating the different parts of the ceremonies. And from these texts we can understand that, king and the king family played very important roles in these ceremonies.  Especially from Kültepe texts we can understand that some Assyrian trade colonies came and lived in Anatolia. These people brought their cultural elements and these elements had been mixed with native Anatolian cultures. On the other hand the slave trade was very common in Hittites. Slaves were sold or changed as a trade object. These people were brought from the foreign cultures and they had got worked in native palaces or temples. This caused diffusing of new musical elements (as the instruments or performing techniques) into the native music cultures. The other kind of archeological data are seals, ceramic vases with reliefs, metallic libation vessels and wall reliefs. Ceramic vases with reliefs give the one of the oldest information about music culture of Hittite civilization. On these vases and vase fragments it can be observed that activities in the rituals as sacred weeding, musical elements were very important. Besides the lyre and necked lute players it can also be seen that some idiophone players performed in these activities (individual or group performance) performing for the drinking rituals, entertainment activities and so on. The İnandık vase (that can be seen lyre, necked lute and cymbal performers illustrated on it) is one of the most important archeological sources in this context. Also the other vase and vase fragments including musical elements are important. Some Hittite metallic vessels are also important for music culture. Especially the on the libation vessel shaped like a fist there can be seen an libation scene. This scene also indicates a music group including lyre and cymbal performers. Wall reliefs of Hittites also give information about the music groups, instrument performing techniques, the activities that music play important role in. On one of the Alacahöyük reliefs we can see a necked lute player performing in a sacrifice ceremony. This necked lute is unique in Hittite necked lutes illustrated on archeological sources. On two of the Kargamış reliefs we can also see necked lute performers. One is indicating a necked lute player performing in a drinking or eating activity. The necked lute on this scene has a small resonance box and long neck. The other necked lute performer illustrated on another Kargamış relief, performs with a “double pipe” player and two dancers one having an idiophone instrument in his hands. Some other music groups including lyre, double pipe, cymbal and other kinds of idiophone, membranaphone, chordophone and aeorophone can be seen on Kargamış, Zincirli and Karatepe reliefs. In this work, it was mainly aimed to indicate to the methods that have to be followed and the points that have to be careful with, about the analysis of the archeological sources from the point of view of the music culture. On some publishing, it was seen that there were some problems about interpreting the archeological sources in the context of music culture in the publishing concerned with music archeology. The most important problem is the indefiniteness about the instrument terminology. We offer to use Hornbostel-Sachs instrument classification system in this context. On the other hand, the idea of thinking the scenes illustrated on the archeological sources as the copy of the reality and the effort of interpreting like this way indicates second most important problem. In this essay as it was regarded on some probabilities about the number of people in music groups, performing communication between the musicians and the music groups, the instruments and other musical elements. On the other hand it was understood that it was indicated to the important information about the cultural relationships with other civilizations, how the musical elements took place in formal, religious and daily life with these archeological sources in visual and written way. Especially for determining the cultural specialties, it’s also very important to examine archeological sources not including scenes about musical elements. Keywords: Hittite civilization, music culture, archeological sources.Hititlerin, çevre kültür ve medeniyetlerle ilişkilerine ait arkeolojik veriler, Hitit Medeniyeti müzik kültürünün analizi konusunda büyük önem taşımaktadır. Farklı dönemlere tarihlendirilen bu arkeolojik verileri yazılı ve görsel olarak temel iki başlık altında toplamak mümkündür. Yazılı veriler özellikle törenlerin, şölenlerin, merasimlerin anlatılmış olduğu çivi yazılı tabletler; görsel veriler ise üzerinde müzikle ilgili sahnelerin tasvir edilmiş olduğu silindir mühür, rölyefli keramik vazolar, metal sunu kapları ve duvar rölyefleridir. Bu yazılı ve görsel arkeolojik veriler sayesinde medeniyetler ve kültürler arası alışverişler, resmi, dinsel ve gündelik hayattaki törenler, şölenler, merasimler ve bu olaylar içinde müziğe ne şekilde yer verildiği tespit edilebilmektedir. Bu araştırma temel olarak arkeolojik verilerin müzik kültürü açısından analizi konusunda izlenmesi gereken yola ve dikkat edilecek noktalara işaret etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bunun başlıca sebebi, müzik arkeolojisi ile ilgili olarak yapılan yayınlarda arkeolojik verilerin müzik kültürü açısından yorumlanması konusunda bazı problemlerin varlığının tespit edilmesidir. Bu problemlerden en önemlisi arkeolojik verilerde tespit edilen çalgıların isimlendirilmesinde zaman zaman belirsiz, zaman zaman ise hatalı görüşlerdir. Bu verilerin değerlendirilmesindeki belirsiz ve hatalı görüşlerin temel kaynağı ise görsel malzemedeki sahnelerin törenin tamamını bire bir olarak ifade ettiğinin düşünülmesi ve buna bağlı olarak yorumlanmaya çalışılmasıdır. Makalede bu problemlerin tespiti ile birlikte, müzik sahnelerinde var olan müzik gruplarındaki kişi sayıları, müzisyenler ile müzik grupları arasındaki icra paylaşımı, çalgılar ve diğer müzikal unsurlar konusundaki olasılıklar üzerinde de durulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hitit Medeniyeti, müzik kültürü, arkeolojik veriler