The Spanish Actress’s Art: Improvisation, Transvestism, and Disruption in Tirso’s El vergonzoso en palacio

This essay investigates how the introduction of women onto the early modern Spanish stage disrupted patriarchal norms, as actresses often dressed, acted, and spoke as men, as they engaged in extemporaneous speech, and as female audiences gave voice in the theatre. Influenced by Italian commedia dell’arte, Spanish drama followed the commedia use of extemporaneous speech and female cross-dressing, that allowed women to act as men, with all the attendant freedoms usually barred women. The segregation of the audience by gender far from containing the female audience instead enabled a powerful voice. As a case study to consider how women used the space of the theatre to negotiate their place in the world and to explore the limits and possibilities of gender, I turn to Tirso de Molina’s El vergonzoso en palacio [The Shy Man at Court], a play that features both female transvestism and monologues that suggest extemporaneous speech