Pressures and deformations for underground openings

In this paper analytical and numerical methods are presented for the evaluation of pressures and deformations for underground openings. In the first part of this paper closed-form solutions and in the second part finite element method (FEM), finite difference method, boundary element method and coupled finite element and boundary element method (FEBEM) are mentioned. For the evaluation of stresses and deformations around underground openings rock medium is considered elastic or elasto-plastic