Weighing Costs, Weathering Risks: Adaptive Strategies of Fish Farmers Facing Multiple Risks in Northern Thailand

When threats are related to common-pool resources beyond individual control, such as water scarcity, water pollution, and river bank collapse, farmers turn to collective strategies, which can come with social or transactional costs. Collective-action problems reveal emerging needs to develop and strengthen institutions for managing rivers and state-led irrigation systems as communal resources. This is a one-page draft towards a larger article that examines how fish-farming communities adapt to climate variability, market uncertainty and management intervention that have impacts on their livelihoods