This is an extended and updated version of the papers presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 30-September 2, 2007, and at the Annual Convention of the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture (ASREC), November 2-4, 2007, Tampa, FLThe paper develops a series of theses regarding the relationship between Political Islam (PI) and secular democracy. Turkey is a crucial case because it could achieve liberal-democratic consolidation, even while under a government rooted in political Islamism, which would be unprecedented in societies where Islam is the culture of the majority. Political participation, economic participation, or secularist sanctions cannot by themselve...