Economic vulnerability and possible adaptation to coastal erosion in San Fernando City, Philippines

Findings show a strategy of planned protection is the best option for preservation of coastal areas. This study assesses the coastline of San Fernando Bay in the La Union region of the Philippines and includes a cost benefit analysis. Sea-level rise due to climate change dynamics is a major concern across the archipelago. Contributors to coastal zone erosion are: natural factors such as wind and waves, long shore currents and tectonic activities, as well as anthropogenic factors such as dam construction, sand mining, coral reef destruction, groundwater extraction, wetlands conversion, dredging of inlets for navigation, and boat traffic