IZBORNI SISTEMI – POSEBAN OSVRT NA LOKALNU SAMOUPRAVU U SRBIJI

The electoral system is part of the broader election law, which also includes an electoral form, constituencies, electoral competition, voting, methods of converting votes into mandates, as well as election threshold. Most often, the choice of the model by which the members of the representative bodies will be elected has a major effect on the entire political system of the state.Regarding the electoral form, the electoral systems at both the national and local level are divided into majority and proportional ones, but there is also a large number of "mixed" electoral systems. When it comes to the Republic of Serbia, as well as many other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the initial dominance of the majority electoral system in almost all the countries in the 1990s was gradually replaced by a proportional electoral system.Local self-government represents a democratic framework for citizen participation in managing the affairs of their immediate interest,where citizens, directly and by secret ballot, elect the municipal assembly members, as the highest representative body of the municipality. In the case of local self-government, the D'Hondt election method and the 5% threshold are applied.When it comes to the electoral systems and the parties of national minorities, the laws of the Republic of Serbia provide significant measures for the participation of this type of political organization in the distribution of mandates, subject to special conditions, even when they receive less than 5% of the total number of votes.Izborni sistem je deo šireg izbornog prava, koji u sebi sadrži i izborni obrazac, izborne jedinice, izborno takmičenje, glasanje, metode pretvaranja glasova u mandate, kao i izborni cenzus. Najčešće, izbor modela po kome će se birati članovi predstavničkih tela ima glavne efekte na čitav politički sistem države.U odnosu na izborni obrazac, izborni sistemi se, kako na nacionalnom, tako i na lokalnom nivou, dele na većinske i proporcionalne, ali postoji i veliki broj „mešovitih” izbornih sistema. Kada je u pitanju Republika Srbija, kao i mnoge druge zemlje Centralne i Istočne Evrope,nakon prvobitne dominacije većinskog izbornog sistema u gotovo svim državama devedesetih godina, usledio je postepen prelazak na proporcionalni izborni sistem.Lokalna samouprava predstavlja demokratski okvir za učestvovanje građana u upravljanju poslovima od njihovog neposrednog interesa, građani biraju odbornike skupštine opštine, kao najvišeg predstavnikog organa opštine neposredno i tajnim glasanjem. I u slučaju lokalne samouprave se primenjuje D'ontov izborni metod i cenzus od 5%.Kada su u pitanju izborni sistemi i stranke nacionalnih manjina, zakoni Republike Srbije predviđaju značajne mere kojima ova vrsta političkih organizacija učestvuje u raspodeli mandata, i to po posebnim uslovima, čak i kada dobiju manje od 5% glasova ukupnog broja birača