Neuroendocrine System in Regulation of Disturbance of Homeostasis Caused by Stress

Stres je stanje organizma koje nastaje zbog poremećene homeostaze uzrokovane stresorima. Stresori mogu biti unutarnji, vanjski, fizički ili psihološki, no njihovo djelovanje na organizam je isto. Kad govorimo o neuroendokrinom odgovoru govorimo o neposrednoj interakciji središnjeg živčanog sustava i endokrinih žlijezda putem kemijskih glasnika koje nazivamo hormoni. Stresori dovode do aktivacije sustava stresa koji obuhvaća središnji živčani sustav kao što su hipotalamus i moždano deblo, te periferne ogranke hipotalamičko-hipofizne-adrenalno-kortikalne osi (HPA) i simpatičko-adrenalnomedularne osi (SAM). Interakciju središnjeg živčanog sustava i perifernih ogranaka te njihovo djelovanje na endokrine žlijezde i ostale sustave reguliraju endokrini glasnici mehanizmom negativne povratne sprege. Usklađen rad između regulatornih komponenti i efektora rezultira prilagodbom jedinke na stres. Suprotno, disfunkcije u radu neuroendokrinog sustava kao i duljina trajanja stresa dovode do kliničkih stanja koja pogoduju razvoju bolesti specifičnih za stres kao što su kardiovaskularne, gastrointestinalne, metaboličke i endokrine bolesti te poremećaji u radu imunološkog sustava.We can define stress like the response of an organism which is the result of disturbed disturbed homeostasis caused by stressors. Stressors can be internal, external, physical or mental, but their effect on the body is the same. Neuroendocrine response includes interaction among components of central nervous system (CNS) and endocrine glands by chemical messengers called hormones. Stressors activate the stress system which involves hypothalamus and the brainstem, as central nervous system components and also peripheral limbs of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic-adrenomedullary axis (SAM). Neuroendocrine regulation between CNS and peripheral limbs and their involment in control of endocrine glands activity and other body systems is regulated by endocrine messengers through the negative feedback mechanisms. The coordinated work between the regulatory components and the effectors results in the adaptation of the individual to stress. Contrary, dysfunctions in the operation of neuroendocrine system as well as duration of stress can lead to clinical conditions that favor the development of stress specific disease such cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic and endocrine disorders and immune system diseases