Predictive framework for the spreading of liquid drops and the formation of liquid marbles on hydrophobic particle bed

In this work, we have developed a model to describe the behavior of liquid drops upon impaction on hydrophobic particle bed and verified it experimentally. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) particles were used to coat drops of water, aqueous solutions of glycerol (20, 40, and 60% v/v), and ethanol (5 and 12% v/v). The experiments were conducted for Weber number (We) ranging from 8 to 130 and Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 370 to 4460. The bed porosity was varied from 0.8 to 0.6. The experimental values of ?max (ratio of the diameter at the maximum spreading condition to the initial drop diameter) were estimated from the time-lapsed images captured using a high-speed camera. The theoretical ?max was estimated by making energy balances on the liquid drop. The proposed model accounts for the energy losses due to viscous dissipation and crater formation along with a change in kinetic energy and surface energy. A good agreement was obtained between the experimental ?max and the estimated theoretical ?max. The proposed model yielded a least % absolute average relative deviation (% AARD) of 5.5 � 4.3 compared to other models available in the literature. Further, it was found that the liquid drops impacting on particle bed are completely coated with PTFE particles with ?max values greater than 2.by Arul Mozhi Devan Padmanathan, Apoorva Sneha Ravi, Hema Choudhary,Subramanyan Namboodiri Varanakkottu and Sameer V. Dalv