Analog laboratory experiments of the formation of forced folds and sand injections driven by pore fluid overpressure

Sand injections form by intrusion of overpressured, fluidized sand into surrounding low-permeable, fine-grained rocks. We conducted a series of scaled analog experiments to investigate the kinematic evolution of sand injections originating from an overpressured, tabular source layer associated with forced folding and propagation of fractures. The experiments were performed in the analog laboratory of the Institute of Geosciences (Friedrich Schiller University Jena) in the framework of the project "Mobilization of Unconsolidated Sediments Related to CO2 Storage". The layering of the analog materials consisted of non-cohesive and cohesive granulates to mimic a sand reservoir and its fine-grained overburden. To produce a fluid overpressure in the layered materials, air was injected from the base of the reservoir layer and additionally through a point-like needle valve penetrating into the reservoir layer. Pressure sensors recorded the air pressure at the base of the reservoir layer and in the needle valve. The experiments were monitored with a digital SLR camera and analyzed by the digital image correlation software DaVis 10.0 (LaVision GmbH) to calculate displacement and strain patterns in the analog materials. The data set presented here includes (1) original data: - Photos of the experimental evolution - Data of volumetric air flow rate and air pressure recorded during the experiments and (2) analyzed data: - Results of digital image correlation including edited photographs as well as data and plots of the displacement vector fields - Edited photos and a Python script for analyzing the vertical displacements of the experimental surface. Detailed descriptions of the experiments, method and results can be found in Warsitzka, et al. (2019) to which this data set is supplement