The interstellar medium is a key component of galaxies which is the matrixof the formation of stars and planets. It is composed of interstellar gas and dust grains. The presence of complex organic molecules (COMs) can be understoodvia reactions in the gas phase. However, the synthesis of some key species (i.e H2, H2O, CO2, etc) needs the intervention of the solid-state reactions on dust grains surface. More than 200 molecules including COMs have been detected in ISMand circumstellar shells. Some of these COMs already contain carbon, oxygen,and nitrogen, which are the main chemical elements in the composition of themolecules on which terrestrial life is built. The aim of this thesis is to understand physical and chemical processes (i.e diffu...