Evaluating the stability of three oxidative stress biomarkers under sewer conditions and potential impact for use in wastewater-based epidemiology

Wastewater contains a wealth of information about the population who contribute to it including biological and chemical markers of human activity and exposures. F-isoprostanes have been proposed as oxidative stress biomarkers that can be measured in wastewater to provide a measure of oxidative stress at the population level. While an association between tobacco use and their level in wastewater has been demonstrated, an in-sewer stability assessment has not been conducted to support their use as oxidative stress biomarkers for wastewater-based epidemiology studies. In this study we investigated the stability of 8-iso-prostaglandin F (PGF), its metabolite dinor-11β-Prostaglandin F (dnPGF) and Prostaglandin E (PGE) (representative of other classes of prostaglandins) in laboratory-scale sewer reactors simulating real sewers. PGF, dnPGF and PGE were all found to be sufficiently stable under typical sewer conditions therefore satisfying the stability requirement of wastewater-based epidemiology population health biomarkers