Miocene UHT granulites from Seram, eastern Indonesia: a geochronological–REE study of zircon, monazite and garnet

The island of Seram, eastern Indonesia, incorporates Miocene ultrahigh-temperature (UHT; greater than 900°C) garnet–sillimanite granulites that formed by extensional exhumation of hot mantle rocks behind the rolling-back Banda Arc. UHT metamorphic conditions are supported by new Zr-in-rutile thermometry results and the Miocene age of the UHT event is confirmed by closely-matched heavy rare earth element (HREE) abundances between garnet and c. 16 Ma zircon. Monazites also record identical U–Pb ages, within uncertainty. However, these geochronometers do not date peak UHT metamorphism; instead, they date retrograde, garnet-consuming (Zr- and rare earth element (REE)-liberating) reactions that produced the granulites’ post-peak cordierite + spinel reaction microstructures. Zircons shielded within garnet did not crystallize c. 16 Ma rims and so were unaffected by the entire UHT event. Miocene UHT metamorphism overprinted a Late Triassic–Early Jurassic upper-amphibolite facies event that grew garnet cores and 216–173 Ma zircon. In the Miocene, these garnet cores were overgrown by peritectic garnet rims during UHT metamorphism, with some rutiles recording c. 900°C Zr-in-rutile temperatures. Garnet Lu–Hf ages of 138 Ma – produced by core–rim mixing – demonstrate that a component of Hf4+ produced since c. 200 Ma was retained through the c. 16 Ma UHT event. Accordingly, UHT conditions must have been very short-lived and exhumation of the granulite complex very rapid