On Autonomous Systems: From Reflexive, Imperative and Adaptive Intelligence to Autonomous and Cognitive Intelligence

Autonomous systems underpinned by cognitive intelligence represent advanced forms of artificial intelligence studied in intelligence science, systems science, and computational intelligence. Traditional theories and technologies of autonomous systems put emphases on humansystem interactions and humans in-the-loop. This paper explores the intelligence and system foundations of autonomous systems. It focuses on what structural and behavioral properties constitute the intelligence power of autonomous systems. It explains how system intelligence aggregates from reflexive, imperative, adaptive intelligence to autonomous and cognitive intelligence. A Hierarchical Intelligence Model (HIM) is introduced to elaborate the evolution of human and system intelligence as an inductive process. A set of properties of system autonomy is formally analyzed towards a wide range of autonomous system applications in computational intelligence and systems engineering. © 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works