Review of Electromagnetic Fields and Powers in Terms of the Normalized Propagation Constant on the Optical Mode Inside Waveguide on Double Heterojunction Constructions

In this work, basic optical even and odd field components of propagating electromagnetic fields derived in the active regions (ARs) and cladding layers (CLs) in semiconductor planar double heterostructure lasers (SCPDHLs) are presented dealing with structures in one-dimensional guided fields. The important of the normalized propagation constant (NPC) α is recognized. Dispersion equations and electromagnetic fields inside the SCPDHLs, the normalized frequency (NF) V, the NPC α, and some parameters are studied. Afterwards, phase and group velocities and power flows apart from the electromagnetic fields in the active region (AR) and CLs in a semiconductor planar double heterostructure laser (SCPDHL) are investigated and specially described in terms of NPC α, the NF V, and phase constant β z