Criminal liability of legal persons

V diplomskem delu je obravnavana tema odgovornost pravnih oseb za kazniva dejanja. Pravna oseba je pravni subjekt, ki nastopa v pravnem prometu kot nosilec pravic in dolžnosti. Ustvarjena je umetno s pravnim aktom. V njenem imenu v pravnem prometu nastopa fizična oseba, ki je pooblaščena za to. S tem, ko pravna oseba postane pravni subjekt, postane tudi kazenskopravno odgovorna in prevzema kazenske sankcije za protipravno ravnanje. Odgovarja lahko za civilne delikte, prekrške in kazniva dejanja. Kazenska odgovornost pravnih oseb je urejena v Zakonu o odgovornosti pravnih oseb [ZOPOKD], ki je tudi temeljni zakon na tem področju. ZOPOKD v temeljnih določbah določa, da pravna oseba odgovarja za svoj prispevek k storitvi kaznivega dejanja. Iz materialnih razlogov za odgovornost pravnih oseb v 4. členu ZOPOKD, je razvidno, da so subjektivizirani, saj pravna oseba odgovarja za prispevek k izvršitvi kaznivega dejanja, ki ga je storila fizična oseba s svojo oblikovano voljo in razumom. Za pravne osebe so predpisane štiri vrste premoženjskih sankcij, in sicer denarna kazen, odvzem premoženja, prenehanje pravne osebe ter prepoved razpolaganja z vrednostnimi papirji, katerih imetnica je pravna oseba. Pri kazenskem postopku je pomembno to, da je enoten, kar pomeni, da mora biti zoper obdolženo pravno osebo in obdolženo fizično osebo, vložena skupna obtožba. Obdolžena pravna oseba v kazenskem postopku ne more nastopati sama, imeti mora zastopnika, lahko pa tudi zagovornika. Statistični podatki kažejo na upad števila ovadb zoper pravne osebe. Delež obsodilnih sodb se giblje tam okoli 50%. iz podatkov je razvidno tudi, da sodišče največkrat izreče pogojno obsodbo.The thesis deals with the liability of legal persons for criminal offences. Legal person is a legal entity that acts in legal transactions as the holder of rights and duties. It is created artificially with a legal act. On its behalf, a legal person who is authorized to do so acts in legal transactions. By becoming a legal entity, a legal person becomes criminally liable and takes criminal penalties for unlawful conduct. It can answer for civil offenses, offenses and criminal offenses. The criminal liability of legal persons is regulated by the Act on the Liability of Legal Persons [ZOPOKD], which is also the basic law in this field. ZOPOKD stipulates in the basic provisions that a legal person is responsible for his contribution to the commission of a criminal offense. For material reasons for the liability of legal entities under Article 4 of the ZOPOKD, it is evident that they are subjectivated because the legal person is responsible for contributing to the commission of a criminal offense committed by a natural person with his own will and reason. For legal entities, four types of property sanctions are prescribed: fines, deprivation of property, termination of a legal entity and the prohibition of disposing of securities held by a legal person. In criminal proceedings, it is important that it is uniform, which means that a joint criminal charge has to be filed against the accused legal person and the accused natural person. The accused legal person can not act in criminal proceedings alone, he must have a representative and may also be a defense counsel. The statistics show a decrease in the number of charges against legal entities. The proportion of convictions is around 50%. From the data it is also evident that the court most often pronounces a conditional conviction