Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of substituted 3-(5-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolylmethylene)-2-indolinones as new potent anticancer agents

A small library of 3-(5-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolylmethylene)-2-indolinones has been synthesized and screened according to protocols available at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Some derivatives were potent antiproliferative agents, showing GI 50 values in the nanomolar range. Remarkably, when most active compounds against leukemia cells were tested in human peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors, were 100–200 times less cytotoxic. Some compounds, selected by the Biological Evaluation Committee of NCI, were examined to determine tubulin assembly inhibition. Furthermore, flow cytometric studies performed on HeLa, HT-29, and A549 cells, showed that compounds 14 and 25 caused a block in the G2/M phase. Interestingly, these derivatives induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial death pathway, causing in parallel significant activation of both caspase-3 and -9, PARP cleavage and down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Finally, compound 25 was also tested in vivo in the murine BL6-B16 melanoma and E0771 breast cancer cells, causing in both cases a significant reduction in tumor volume