Grapevine phytoplasmas

The diseases associated with phytoplasmas in grapevine are collectively called yellows and occur in the majority of grapevine-growing regions over the world. At first, a short overview of symptoms and damage associated with the presence of grapevine phytoplasmas is reported. Then, vectors, alternative host plants, and epidemiological cycles, where known, are discussed for the main grapevine yellows in the different continents. Moreover, potential insect vectors and host plants, together with molecular characterization of the associated phytoplasmas, are reported