Effects of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids on Growth, Photosynthetic Efficiency, and Cellular Components of the Diatoms Skeletonema marinoi and Phaeodactylum tricornutum

This article describes the toxic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids bearing alkyl (BMIM), monoethoxy (MOEMIM), and diethoxy (M(OE)(2)MIM) side chains toward two marine diatoms, Skeletonema marinoi and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. MOEMIM and M(OE)(2)MIM cations showed a lower inhibition of growth and photosynthetic efficiency with respect to their alkyl counter part, with both algal Species. However, a large difference in sensitivity was found between S. marinoi and P. tricornutum, the first being much more Sensitive to the action of ionic liquids than the second one. The effects of salinity on BMIM Cl toxicity toward S. marinoi revealed that a decrease from salinity 35 to salinity 15 does not influence the biological effects toward the alga. Finally, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy of alga cells after ionic liquids exposure allowed us to detect an alteration of the organic cellular components related. to silica uptake and organization. On the basis of these results, the different behavior of the two diatom species can be tentatively ascribed to different silica uptake and organization in outer cell wall