Colletotrichum acutatum interactions with unripe and ripe strawberry fruits and differential responses at histological and transcriptional levels

Microscopic investigations were conducted into the interaction of Colletotrichum acutatum on white and red strawberry (Fragaria ·ananassa) fruit surfaces. The results showed that, whilst the early interaction events were similar in both white and red fruits, after 24 h fungal colonization dramatically varied: in white fruits C. acutatum became quiescent as melanized appressoria, but on red fruits it displayed subcuticular necrotrophic invasion. A microarray analysis of white and red straw- berries after 24 h of interaction with C. acutatum was performed, in order to reveal differences in gene expression possibly related to the different susceptibility of unripe and ripe fruits. Epi ⁄ catechin-related genes and fatty acid metabolism genes, involved in the production of quiescence-related molecules such as flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and antifungal dienes, were found to be regulated during strawberry ripening, supporting a role for these molecules as preformed defence mecha- nisms. Besides several genes commonly regulated upon pathogen interaction, different genes were specifically transcribed only in white or red challenged fruits; a number of these, such as those coding for lectin and polyphenol oxidase, possibly account for specific pathogen-induced responses. The putative biological role of these genes in the different susceptibility of fruits to C. acutatum is discussed