A broad range algorithm for the evaluation of carson's integral

In this paper we propose an efficient, accurate and stable algorithm for the numerical calculation of Carson's integral. The normalization of physical and electrical variables makes the proposed algorithm suitable for broad range evaluations of overhead line ground impedances. This allows the user to handle any practical line configuration with any electrical parameters. The algorithm uses, based on trapezoidal integration, a truncation criterion and identification of the first zero-crossing of the integrand as fundamental parts. Comparisons, analysis of error and computational efficiency between the proposed algorithm and an adaptive Gauss/Lobatto quadrature rule are provided. � 2007 IEEE