Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo wine: comparison among wine-making technologies.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saigne ́e, delayed punching-down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic-skin-seed tannins, heating of must-wine, cryo-maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Prim- itivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, β-carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1-y- aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to β-carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saigne ́e, and addition of tannins showed the highest an- tioxidant activities according to DPPH and β-carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technol- ogy were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric an- thocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin