Społeczności lokalne w Afryce Czarnej : szkic socjologiczny o społeczeństwie przedklasowym

The paper contributes to the extensive discussion on the multiple variants of the pre-class formations. The organization and operation of the traditional local communities in the Black Africa is here described. The paper is composed of three parts. The first part characterizes the fundamental features of the so-called traditional societes whose elements are, among others, these local communities. The next pant describes the organization and structure of these communities, typical of the pre-colonial and early European penetration stage. The paper is closed with a perfunctory — what is inevitable — presentation of the multiple transformations affecting the tribes and clans of the Black Africa