Joint kinematics of surgeons during lumbar pedicle screw placement

BACKGROUND: A surgical robot for spine surgery has recently been developed. The objective is to assess the joint kinematics of the surgeon during spine surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 18 spine surgeons, who each performed pedicle screw placement, and used an optoelectronic motion analysis system. Using three-dimensional (3D) motion images, distance changes in five joints and angle changes in six joints were calculated during surgery. RESULTS: Distance fluctuations increased gradually from the proximal to the distal joint. Angle fluctuations were largest at the distal point but did not gradually increase, and the elbow showed the second largest fluctuation. Changes along the X axis were larger than those of the Y and Z axes. CONCLUSION: The distances gradually increased from proximal portions of the body to the hand. In angle changes, the elbow was most dynamic during pedicle screw placement. The surgeons' whole joints carry out a harmonic role during lumbar pedicle screw placement.restrictio