[[alternative]]Research on the economic thoughts and life situation of the literati and officialdom in late Ming Dynasty : a case study of Gu Xiancheng

碩士[[abstract]]這本論文以晚明隆慶至萬曆年間的政治經濟為背景、以顧憲成、張居正為例，分析討論士大夫的經濟思想。在論文的定義中，經濟思想是經世致用的代稱詞，和作為學科的經濟學沒有直接關係。由於經世致用與儒學的高度重疊性、以及儒學意蘊的浮濫，經世致用在弱化的儒學中失去政治、經濟上的實際意義。因此以經濟思想代之，用意在於重新以政治、經濟審視經世致用，並藉以申論何謂儒學，一位秉受儒學教育的合格士大夫又該具備什麼特質。 借用史學與社會學式的研究成果，本文擬以顧憲成的一生作為考察範本，將顧的一生分作四個階段，以任官前後作為階段之間的轉折，藉各個階段的考察，結合現有的資訊，凸顯晚明的社會問題；要言之，士大夫的形成過程本身即屬社會問題，再加上帝制社會本有的結構缺陷與晚明中國逐漸與世界史互動的影響，士大夫作為社會最重要的改革力量，究竟呈現出何種運作結構？內部又有什麼衝突、如何溝通？最終出現了哪些改革的實際作為、成效如何？皆是本文所涉及的命題。而貫串種種命題者，稱作經濟思想，其核心精神，則為真儒學。[[abstract]]In this thesis, Gu Xian-cheng and Zhang Ju-zheng were taken as the typical examples to analyze the economic thoughts of scholar-bureaucrats, and which were under the background of the politics and economy during Longqing and Wanli of late Ming Dynasty . The definition of economic thought in this thesis mean that studying for the purpose of application and putting the ideas into practice, which had little direct connection with economics. Since the high superposition of pragmatism and Confucianism, and excessive implication of Confucianism, the Ideology of using practical knowledge to manage state affairs was losing its practical political and economic significance in the weakened Confucianism. Therefore, the author used economic thoughts instead to reread statecraft ideology from the viewpoint of politics and economy, and discussed what was Confucianism, what peculiarity may a well Confucius educated and qualified scholar-bureaucrats be equipped with. By borrowing the research results of historiography and sociology, the author took the lifelong time of Gu Xian-cheng as the research model, which were parted into four periods. Before and after he was appointed as the official, were seen as the time nodes of Gu Xian-cheng’s lifetime. By combining each period and current information, the social problems of late Ming Dynasty were highlighted. In brief, the forming process of scholar-bureaucrat itself belonging to social problems, the inherent defect of autocratic monarchy structure，and the influence of interaction between China and the world in late Ming Dynasty made the scholar-bureaucrats as the most prominent energy of reform. What kind of operating structure would it be presented, what conflict was in the internal and how to communicate with, what actual deed and effect were appeared, all of these questions were discussed in this thesis. The line permeated with every question was called economic thought, and the core spirit of it was true Confucianism. In addition，as a Master of Arts majoring in Chinese Literature, I feel so sorry for the current stiff thoughts and rigid format. Students learn little useful things during the study at graduate school. Actually, I feel like a can in the assembly line myself. If you do pay attention to the English abstract of the thesis, you may read this paragraph. This is just a monologue of a tiny master student.[[tableofcontents]]目錄 緒論：士大夫的經濟思想 1 第一節：中國式的經濟思想 1 第二節：儒家的兩重意涵 5 第三節：士大夫的意蘊變遷 9 第四節：士大夫與經濟思想 11 第五節：從顧憲成生平說起的理由 12 第六節：研究方法 14 第七節：本文的章節安排 18 第八節：研究目的 19 第一章：晚明士大夫的上半輩子（一）：商人之子 21 第一節：在顧憲成出生以前 21 第二節：白銀帝國 25 第三節：儒商合流的社會？ 28 第四節：擁擠的仕途與有限的出路 32 第五節：天生的宿命 36 第六節：難以改變的命運 38 第二章：晚明士大夫的上半輩子（二）：十萬考生 41 第一節：士大夫的必經之路 41 第二節：進學校才能考科舉 45 第三節：八股文與學術 48 第四節：政統、道統與學統的分合 52 第三章：晚明士大夫的下半輩子（一）：文臣經世 55 第一節：慎進之難 55 第二節：得君行道 57 第三節：吏部風雲 59 第四節：言路之爭 61 第五節：時局之艱 64 第六節：官學儒者 67 第四章：士大夫的下半輩子（二）：學者清議 74 第一節：理學經世？ 74 第二節：基層開發 78 第三節：理學淨化 82 第四節：正統之爭 86 結論：改革者與反對者，以及永遠的抗爭 91 參考書目（按作者姓氏筆畫排序）： 98 一、文集： 98 二、歷史： 98 三、社會、政治、經濟史： 99 四、思想、文化史： 101 五、學位論文： 103 六、期刊論文： 103 附錄：江南紀事 105 京口渡前 105 小院聽琴 106 記崇儒祠 107 新東方媽媽團中醫沙龍 108 法華鎮路拾麵坊 110 訪顧憲成故居 112 記東林書院 113 重修江陰考棚記 115 常州東坡艤舟亭 119 南京牛肉鍋貼 121 路過蘇州 124[[note]]學號: 699010160, 學年度: 10