[[alternative]]The applications and energy savings for variable frequency drives and direct digital controllers in HVAC systems

碩士[[abstract]]本論文主要研究變頻器及直接數位控制器在空調系統中之應用。變頻器係以三相交流60Hz，電壓範圍從380- 500 VAC，驅動馬達以鼠籠式三相感應馬達為基礎，搭配系統控制用的直接數位控制器，並以多組泵與風扇機組，實行系統運作。文中係以泵用直接數位控制器為例，根據系統的壓力設定，利用泵最佳轉速控制進行其加卸載規劃，說明其在泵輸水系統的實際應用。 本文首先比較空調系統中傳統控制系統與變頻控制系統。傳統空調系統係以泵、風機、空調箱等設備為基礎。空調系統的性能及節能可藉由加上變頻器加以改善。 接著，文中說明變頻器的種類、基本原理、配置與結構，以及其資料規劃。傳統上，在空調系統中電氣或氣動組件被用來控制閥件與擋板。傳統控制空調系統的方法存在著問題。利用變頻器改變驅動元件之速度可改善這些問題。在空調系統整合時，直接數位控制器扮演著相當重要的角色。接著本文說明直接數位控制器的結構、功能及系統規劃方法。再者，本文在靜壓控制系統及冷卻水塔風扇轉速控制系統以直接數位控制器的變頻系統作為風扇機組的控制，以說明其在空調系統中的應用。 此外，本文介紹變頻控制系統相關的組件，例如馬達、壓力感測器、流量計等驅動元件及信號擷取元件，以供節能所需之速度驅動及信號傳送，且以一直接數位控制器及一組變頻器系統為基礎，計算電量消耗。最後，文後並以直接數位控制器的變頻系統與傳統馬達系統作比較，計算在不使用變頻器的馬達固定轉速運轉與使用變頻器的可變轉速運轉狀況下，說明其能源使用效率。[[abstract]]This thesis mainly discloses the applications of variable frequency drives and direct digital controllers in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The variable frequency drives used herein are three phases 60Hz, voltage ranging from 380 - 500 VAC and the motors are based on squirrel three - phase induction motors associated with the direct digital controllers in the systems to make a multiple sets of pumps and fans to perform. This thesis focus on the pump used direct digital controllers to specify the actual applications thereof in the pump piping system depending on the pressure setting by way of optimal speed control to program the add-shedding processes. First, this study compares the conventional control systems with the variable frequency control systems in HVAC systems. The conventional control systems are based on the sets of pumps, fans, air handling units, etc. The performances of the HVAC system and energy savings can be improved by adding the variable frequency drives. Then the types, basic theories, arrangements and structures of the drives, and the data programming thereof are described. Conventionally, the electrical or pneumatic components are utilized to control the valves and dampers in HVAC systems. There are efficiency problems in the conventional control methods of the HVAC systems. Using the drives to vary the speeds of driving elements may improve the problems. For integrating HVAC systems, the direct digital controllers play a important role. This thesis describes the structures, functions and the system programming method of the direct digital controller. However, this work in the static pressure control system and cooling tower control system adopts DDC’s variable speed system to control the fan sets and thereby illustrating their applications in HVAC systems. Additionally, this thesis introduces variable frequency control systems associated components such as motors, pressure sensors, flow meters, etc, for speed driving and signal transmitting with the energy savings, based on a DDC controller and/or a set of VFDs to compute the energy consumptions. Finally, this work compares the efficiency on energy consumptions within the conditions of constant speed of motors without drives and of variable speed of motors with the drives.[[tableofcontents]]目錄 中文提要..................................................I 英文提要................................................III 誌謝......................................................V 目錄.....................................................VI 圖表索引..................................................X 第一章 緒論...............................................1 1.1動機...................................................1 1.2研究概要 ..............................................2 1.3內容大綱 ..............................................3 第二章 傳統空調系統與變頻空調系統.........................5 2.1 傳統空調系統..........................................5 2.2 變頻空調系統..........................................6 第三章 變頻器.............................................8 3.1 變頻器的分類..........................................8 3.2 變頻器的架構..........................................9 3.2.1 變頻器的基本結構....................................9 3.2.2 變頻器的輸入及輸出.................................10 3.3 變頻器的工作原理與應用例.............................12 3.4 變頻器的規劃.........................................15 3.4.1 變頻器的規劃範例...................................16 第四章 變頻器在空調上的應用..............................19 4.1 閥控制及馬達轉速控制的比較...........................19 4.2 泵的控制.............................................20 4.2.1冰水主機一次側泵....................................22 4.2.2冰水主機二次側泵....................................24 4.3 風扇及鼓風機的控制...................................25 4.3.1風量調節原理........................................25 4.3.2可變空氣容量系統....................................27 4.3.3固定空氣容量系統....................................28 4.3.4冷卻水塔風扇系統....................................30 第五章 直接數位控制系統..................................32 5.1 直接數位控制器.......................................32 5.2 直接數位控制器的架構.................................32 5.2.1 直接數位控制器的硬體結構...........................33 5.2.2 外殼...............................................34 5.2.3 中央處理器單元面板.................................35 5.2.4 輸入輸出板.........................................36 5.2.5 類比及輸位的輸入及輸出.............................36 5.3 直接數位控制器的規劃.................................37 5.3.1 直接數位控制器規劃範例.............................39 5.4 系統控制.............................................41 5.5 恆溫空調系統.........................................42 5.6 靜壓控制.............................................43 5.6.1 排放擋板...........................................44 5.6.2 入口輪葉擋板.......................................44 5.4.3 變頻器.............................................45 5.6.4 空氣流量量測站.....................................45 5.7 冷卻水塔風扇速度控制.................................46 5.8 通信介面.............................................48 第六章 感測器及馬達......................................50 6.1 感測器...............................................50 6.2 馬達.................................................51 第七章 空調泵、風扇利用變頻器的節能計算..................53 7.1 前言.................................................53 7.2 傳統及變頻空調系統在電量使用上的比較.................53 實例1 富邦敦南大樓空調系統...............................53 實例2 中正機場二期航站大廈冷卻水泵控制系統...............59 實例3 高雄東帝士85層大樓空調系統.........................63 實例4中視公司冰水泵空調系統..............................69 實例5公視公司冰水泵空調系統..............................72 實例6 華治科技大樓空調系統...............................74 實例7中和市公所中繼給水加壓站............................82 7.3 討論.................................................84 第八章 結論..............................................85 8.1總結..................................................85 8.2未來發展..............................................85 參考文獻.................................................87 圖表索引 圖2.1傳統空調系統配置方式.................................6 圖2.2變頻空調系統.........................................7 圖3.1變頻器...............................................8 圖3.2變頻器結構圖........................................10 圖3.3變頻器端子控制功能圖................................12 圖4.1閥控制及轉速控制時流量與動力變化的關係圖............20 圖4.2轉速一定及變化時揚程與流量的關係圖..................21 圖4.3流量Q、揚程H及轉速N的關係圖.........................22 圖4.4一次側泵配置圖......................................23 圖4.5二次側泵系統配置圖..................................24 圖4.6出口擋板、輪葉及轉速控制方式的特性比較..............26 圖4.7送風機壓力-風量特性.................................27 圖4.8可變空氣容量系統配置圖..............................28 圖4.9固定空氣容量系統配置圖..............................30 圖4.10冷卻水塔風扇配置圖.................................31 圖5.1直接數位控制器的外觀................................35 圖5.2直接數位控制器互連圖................................41 圖5.3 HVAC系統組件示意圖.................................43 圖5.4供應及回送空氣量控制圖..............................46 圖5.5冷卻水塔風扇速度控制圖..............................48 圖6.1差壓器..............................................51 圖6.2全密閉式(TEFC)水平交流馬達..........................52 圖7.1富邦敦南大樓空調系統電量使用之比較..................59 圖7.2中正二期航站冰水泵空調系統季節功率需求之比較........63 圖7.3高雄雄東帝士大樓空調系統電量使用之比較..............69 圖7.4 中視公司冰水泵空調系統季節功率需求之比較...........72 圖7.5公視公司冰水泵空調系統季節功率需求之比較............74 圖7.6華治科技大樓空調系統電量使用之比較..................82[[note]]學號: 792350174, 學年度: 9