Long-term intermittent high-amplitude subcutaneous nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic tone in ambulatory dogs

BACKGROUND: Reducing sympathetic efferent outflow from the stellate ganglia (SG) may be antiarrhythmic. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic thoracic subcutaneous nerve stimulation (ScNS) could reduce SG nerve activity (SGNA) and control paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT). METHODS: Thoracic ScNS was performed in 8 dogs while SGNA, vagal nerve activity (VNA), and subcutaneous nerve activity (ScNA) were monitored. An additional 3 dogs were used for sham stimulation as controls. RESULTS: Xinshu ScNS and left lateral thoracic nerve ScNS reduced heart rate (HR). Xinshu ScNS at 3.5 mA for 2 weeks reduced mean average SGNA from 5.32 μV (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.89-6.75) at baseline to 3.24 μV (95% CI 2.16-4.31; P = .015) and mean HR from 89 bpm (95% CI 80-98) at baseline to 83 bpm (95% CI 76-90; P = .007). Bilateral SG showed regions of decreased tyrosine hydroxylase staining with increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive nuclei in 18.47% (95% CI 9.68-46.62) of all ganglion cells, indicating cell death. Spontaneous PAT episodes were reduced from 9.83 per day (95% CI 5.77-13.89) in controls to 3.00 per day (95% CI 0.11-5.89) after ScNS (P = .027). Left lateral thoracic nerve ScNS also led to significant bilateral SG neuronal death and significantly reduced average SGNA and HR in dogs. CONCLUSION: ScNS at 2 different sites in the thorax led to SG cell death, reduced SGNA, and suppressed PAT in ambulatory dogs