Andradite skarn garnet records of exceptionally low δ^(18)O values within an Early Cretaceous hydrothermal system, Sierra Nevada, CA

Skarn garnets in the Mineral King roof pendant of the south–central Sierra Nevada within Sequoia National Park, California, USA reveal variable fluid chemistry with a significant component of meteoric water during metasomatism in the Early Cretaceous Sierra Nevada Batholith. We focus on andradite garnet associated with Pb–Zn mineralization in the White Chief Mine. Laser fluorination oxygen isotope analyses of δ^(18)O of garnet (δ^(18)O(Grt)) from sites along the skarn show a large range of values (− 8.8 to + 4.6‰ VSMOW). Ion microprobe (SIMS) analyses elucidate that individual andradite crystals are strongly zoned in δ^(18)O(Grt) (up to 7‰ of variation). Total rare-earth element concentrations (∑REE) across individual garnets show progressive depletion of skarn-forming fluids in these elements during garnet growth. These findings support a skarn model of earliest red high-δ^(18)O grandite garnet consistent with a magmatic-dominated equilibrium fluid (δ^(18)O(H_2O) as high as ≈ + 8‰). Later, green andradite crystallized in equilibrium with a low-δ^(18)O fluid indicating a significant influx of meteoric fluid (δ^(18)O(H_2O) ≈ − 6 to − 5‰), following a hiatus in garnet growth, associated with late-stage Pb–Zn mineralization. Latest orange overprint rims have higher δ^(18)O values (δ^(18)O(H_2O) ≈ 0–2‰), and depleted total REEs, suggesting influx of high-δ^(18)O, trace-element depleted fluid derived from regional metamorphism of the carbonate host. Remarkably, low δ^(18)O(Grt) values in the White Chief canyon skarn require a significant proportion of meteoric fluid available during > 400 °C andradite-forming metasomatism. Fluid flow was channelized at the pluton–wallrock contact, evidenced by the narrow extent of skarn