Effect of ions on sulfuric acid-water binary particle formation : 2. Experimental data and comparison with QC-normalized classical nucleation theory
- Duplissy, J.
- Merikanto, J.
- Franchin, A.
- Tsagkogeorgas, G.
- Kangasluoma, J.
- Wimmer, D.
- Vuollekoski, H.
- Schobesberger, S.
- Lehtipalo, K.
- Flagan, R. C.
- Brus, D.
- Donahue, N. M.
- Vehkamäki, H.
- Almeida, J.
- Amorim, A.
- Barmet, P.
- Bianchi, F.
- Breitenlechner, M.
- Dunne, E. M.
- Guida, R.
- Henschel, H.
- Junninen, H.
- Kirkby, J.
- Kürten, A.
- Kupc, A.
- Määttänen, A.
- Makhmutov, V.
- Mathot, S.
- Nieminen, T.
- Onnela, A.
- Praplan, A. P.
- Riccobono, F.
- Rondo, L.
- Steiner, G.
- Tome, A.
- Walther, H.
- Baltensperger, U.
- Carslaw, K. S.
- Dommen, J.
- Hansel, A.
- Petäjä, T.
- Sipilä, M.
- Stratmann, F.
- Vrtala, A.
- Wagner, P. E.
- Worsnop, D. R.
- Curtius, J.
- Kulmala, M.
DOIAbstract
We report comprehensive, demonstrably contaminant-free measurements of binary particle formation rates by sulfuric acid and water for neutral and ion-induced pathways conducted in the European Organization for Nuclear Research Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber. The recently developed Atmospheric Pressure interface-time of flight-mass spectrometer was used to detect contaminants in charged clusters and to identify runs free of any contaminants. Four parameters were varied to cover ambient conditions: sulfuric acid concentration (10(5) to 10(9)molcm(-3)), relative humidity (11% to 58%), temperature (207K to 299K), and total ion concentration (0 to 6800ionscm(-3)). Formation rates were directly measured with novel instruments at sizes c...
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