Determination of social, environmental and economic benefits for community participation in forestry in Mpumalanga, South Africa

Rural communities living adjacent to commercial forestry operations are often affected by numerous negative social issues such as poverty, unemployment, poor healthcare, and limited infrastructure, amongst others. In excess of 61% of forestry land managed by the state owned SAFCOL SOC Ltd is under land claim, as part of the Restitution of Land Rights Act (Act 22 of 1994). It is therefore necessary for forest companies to seek active means of engaging and partnering with these communities through a participatory forest management (PFM) approach. This study explored the sustainable (social, environmental and economic), benefits of such an approach as perceived (experienced) by these local rural communities, and specifically land claimants. The study was conducted in communities adjacent to SAFCOL plantations in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. Data were collected between May and June 2017 by means of a structured questionnaire. Surveys were conducted on 46 households within the identified communities so as to verify and evaluate perceived benefits in terms of forest products, ecosystem services and amenities/services/infrastructure provided by SAFCOL and the broader forest industry. The results indicated that these communities recognize and obtain numerous social, environmental and economic benefits from the forest including Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) such as firewood; forest provisioning ecosystem services (FPESs) such as improved water quality; and more metaphysical benefits such as access to gravesites and the protection of traditions and customs. These benefits have the ability to improve the social well-being, economic independence, and the quality of environmental services obtained by the associated communities. It was however found that the utilization of these benefits was widely differentiated according to gender and land claimant status. Whilst males and females largely benefitted equally, there was a distinct benefit preference between genders for different NTFPs. For example males showed preference for the collection of building material, bush meat and for livestock husbandry, whilst females showed preference for the collection of firewood, medicinal plants and fruit, amongst others. Similarly, it was found that overall, non-land claimants benefited more than land claimants. Reasons for this are primarily due to the increased distance with which the land claimants live from the forest resource when compared to non-land claimants. The empirical value of the data produced through this study will be invaluable in negotiations with the land claimant communities on land settlement agreements, joint venture proposals, including Participatory Forest Management, and future land tenure. Through such inclusivity and vested interest in the sustainable management of the forests, corporate risk is reduced and community/land claimant relationships are reinforced. Such Participatory Forest Management arrangements are key to ensuring the longevity and resilience to the forest sector post-transfer of claimed land