« The Fortifications of the City of Gyaur Kala, Merv », in : J. Cribb, G. Herrmann, eds., After Alexander. Central Asia before Islam. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 313-329. (Proceedings of the British Academy, 133)

The excavations of the Turkmen-British International Merv Project between 1997-2003 focused their attention to the fortification walls of Gyaur Kala, revealing a complex sequence of building phases for the defences. In at least three main phases (Graeco-Bactrian period, early and middle Sasanian periods), the walls were substantially redesigned and the defensive system changed. The author traces a history of the previous excavations and follows the development of the city walls (with ten diff..