Rethinking halal: Genealogy, current trends, and new interpretation Repenser le Halal : généalogie, tendance actuelle et nouvelle interprétation

The issue of halal sprang up in the early 1980s, but only in the past 10 years has it become a salient concern, especially in Europe and Asiatic non-Muslim countries, mainly for business purposes and other economic activities. Since then, halal has progressively encompassed all aspects of modern human life, including halal food-processing, halal hotel, halal sauna, halal cosmetics, halal drugs, halal fashion, halal taxi, halal airline, etc. From this halal phenomenon, many new things arose: halal certificate bodies (HCB), Islamic marketing, Islamic finance, and the like. Accordingly, halal has been continuously normalized and standardized by modern rationality that has turned it into a practice and policy for regulating Muslims in their whole daily life. These new practices in economy progressively required new kinds of scholars (‘ulama) committees to deal with new discoveries in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, in order to issue fatwas on such issues, which did not exist or were different in the past within classical-fiqh discussion