The architecture of cardinals’ seals. c. 1244-1304

I shall discuss the important compositional changes that characterize the development of cardinals seals in Rome during the later 13th. century, and their possible signification. They are, I believe, illuminating in a number of ways-they clarify the manner in which contemporaries thought about and described their seals, the design changes that actually took place during the period, and the profound effects which these changes had across a wide spectrum of artistic media. It is initially instr..