Polynuclear palladium complexes with biogenic polyamines: AFM and voltammetric characterization

Polynuclear Pd(II) complexes with biogenic polyamines present great potential clinical importance, due to their antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity coupled to less severe side-effects. The adsorption process and the redox behaviour of two polynuclear palladium chelates with spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd), Pd(II)-Spm and Pd(II)-Spd, as well as of their ligands Spm and Spd, were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and voltammetry at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon electrodes. AFM revealed different adsorption patterns and degree of surface coverage, correlated with the chelate structure, concentration of the solution, applied potential and voltammetric behaviour of the Spm, Spd, Pd(II)-Spm and Pd(II)-Spd systems. The voltammetric study of Spm and Spd showed that these biogenic polyamines undergo an irreversible and pH-dependent oxidation. In acid medium the polyamines are fully protonated, rendering their oxidation more difficult. With increasing pH the oxidation potential for both Spm and Spd is shifted to less positive values, indicating a greater ease of oxidation in alkaline medium. The Pd(II)-Spm and Pd(II)-Spd complexes dissociate at high negative or high positive potentials. The application of a positive potential induced the oxidation of these Pd complexes and the formation of mixed layers of palladium oxides, Spm/Spd and Pd(II)-Spm/Pd(II)-Spd