The Public Domain: The Evolution of Legal Restraints on the Government\u27s Power to Control Public Access through Secrecy or Intellectual Property

The concept of the public domain is the focus of a firestorm of debate, precipitated by some of the most important controversies of our digital age. This debate, however, is deeply flawed in two critical respects. First, the debate has invoked the public domain without a clear understanding of the origin of the term and the first principles that courts enunciated in recognizing the concept. Second, the debate has focused almost exclusively on intellectual property law in analyzing the public domain, ignoring the many uses of the term in other areas of law, such as First Amendment rights of access, government secrecy agreements, espionage, the Freedom of Information Act, and regulations governing classified information and munitions lists. This Article aims to correct these two shortcomings in the current debate by tracing the development of the concept in intellectual property law and in the areas of law involving government secrecy. This analysis is critical for evaluating not only the government\u27s recent expansions of the scope of intellectual property, but also the government\u27s increased use of secrecy, post 9/I, including in the detention of enemy combatants, deportation of aliens, and removal of materials from government websites. Drawing upon modern evolutionary theory and Bruce Ackerman\u27s theory of constitutional moments, this Article shows how the various uses of the public domain in intellectual property law and government secrecy cases are all related in origin, structure, and function, and concludes by suggesting how the concept of the public domain may now be threatened with extinction